Whatever the current attitudes and policies of governments, the reality of popular demands for human rights, including both greater economic justice and greater political freedom, is beyond debate. A deepening and widening concern for the promotion and protection of human rights on all fronts, hastened by the ideal of self-determination in a postcolonial era, is now unmistakably woven into the fabric of contemporary world affairs.
Substantially responsible for this progressive development has been the work of the UN, its allied agencies, and such regional organizations as the Council of Europe, the OAS, and the AU. Also contributing to this development, particularly since the 1970s and ’80s, have been six other salient factors: (1) the emergence of nationalism and rising expectations in the developing world following the post-World War II dismantling of colonial empires, (2) the public advocacy of human rights as a key aspect of national foreign policies, made initially legitimate by the example of U.S. President Jimmy Carter, (3) the emergence and spread of civil society on a transnational basis, primarily in the form of activist nongovernmental human rights organizations, (4) a worldwide profusion of teaching and research devoted to the study of human rights in both formal and informal settings, (5) the proliferation of large UN conferences in areas such as children’s rights, population, social development, women’s rights, human settlements, and food production and distribution, and (6) a feminist intellectual and political challenge regarding not only the rights of women worldwide but also what feminists consider to be the paternalistic myths and mythic structures that purport to define humane governance generally.
To be sure, because the application of international human rights law depends for the most part on the voluntary consent of nations, formidable obstacles attend the endeavours of human rights policy makers, activists, and scholars. Human rights conventions continue to be undermined by the failure of states to ratify them, by emasculating reservations and derogations, by self-serving reporting systems that outnumber objective complaint procedures, and by poor financing for the implementation of human rights prescriptions. In short, the mechanisms for the enforcement of human rights are still in their infancy, a situation due in no small measure to the post-Cold War dominance of neoliberalism in world affairs, which is strongly resistant to state and market regulation of the economy. In this context, the vexing question of corporate accountability for human rights abuses, and the dangers to human rights values and capabilities posed by overbearing corporate power, also present complex contemporary challenges for the future of human rights. Nevertheless, it is certain that, out of necessity no less than out of realism, a palpable concern for the advancement of human rights is here to stay.
